Intestinal Obstruction

Obstruction can occur in both the small intestines and the large intestines. Obstruction may be partial or complete. A complete obstruction is serious as the obstruction can cause the intestine tissue to become ischemic and necrotic.  

Causes
There are many causes of intestinal obstruction. These include twisting of the intestines, scars from past surgery, hernias, or tumors growing inside or outside the intestine causing blockage.

Signs and Symptoms
Symptoms depend on the severity of the blockage. But oUen they include nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain and constipation. Complete obstruction may cause an inability to flatulate. There may be abdominal distention. 

Investigations
The patient’s history and physical examination must be taken. Abdominal X-ray and chest X-ray can assist with diagnosis, although these do not always show abnormalities. Ultrasound or CT scan can often assist with the diagnosis.

Other causes of abdominal pain must also be considered, such as pregnancy.

Treatment
IV fluids are required as the decreased absorption of fluid by the intestines can lead to dehydration.

The patient must be nil by mouth (NBM) and a nasogastric tube must be inserted to drain out stomach contents and reduced vomiting.

For some people the obstruction will resolve with the above treatment. For others (particularly if the obstruction is complete) they will require surgery. Preoperative antibiotics are recommended.